代微积拾级：修订间差异

Elements of Analytical Geometry and of The Differential and Integral Calculus (Chinese, 1859, 1).jpgpdf|page=1|代（解析几何）

Elements of Analytical Geometry and of The Differential and Integral Calculus (Chinese, 1859, 2).jpgpdf|page=1|微（微分）

Elements of Analytical Geometry and of The Differential and Integral Calculus (Chinese, 1859, 3).jpgpdf|page=1|积（积分）

[[File:SymbolElements Tableof Analytical Geometry and of The Differential and Integral Calculus (Chinese, 1859, 1).jpgpdf|page=11|right|thumb|符号表，注意希腊字母{{lang|el|Ρ}}与{{lang|el|Μ}}对应颠倒]]

| {{ruby|𠯆|nǔnǚ}}

{{from|微分之數有二，一曰常數，一曰變數；變數以天地人物等字代之，常數以甲乙子丑等字代之。<br><br>凡式中常數之同數俱不變。如直線之式爲<math>地\xlongequal{\qquadquad}甲天\bot乙</math>，則線之甲與乙，俱僅有一同數任在何點永不變，而天與地之同數則每點皆變也。<br><br>'''凡此變數中函彼變數，則此爲彼之函數。'''<br><br>如直線之式爲<math>地\xlongequal{\qquadquad}甲天\bot乙</math>，則地爲天之函數；又平圜之式爲<math>地\xlongequal{\qquadquad}\sqrt{味^二\top甲^二}</math>，味爲半徑，天爲正弦，地爲餘弦；橢圓之式爲<math>地\xlongequal{\qquadquad}</math>{{sfrac|呷|{{RareChar|𠮙|⿰口乙}}}}<math>\sqrt{二呷天\top天^二}</math>，皆地爲天之函數也。<br><br>設不明顯天之函數，但指地爲天之因變數，則如下式：<math>天\xlongequal{\quad}函(地)</math>，<math>地\xlongequal{\quad}函(天)</math>，此天爲地之函數，亦地爲天之函數。|《代微積拾級·卷十 微分一·例》}}

<div style="text-align: center;">[[File:Elements of Analytical Geometry and of The Differential and Integral Calculus (Chinese, 1859, 2).pdf|page=4|300px]][[File:Elements of Analytical Geometry and of The Differential and Integral Calculus (Chinese, 1859, 2).pdf|page=3|300px]]</centerdiv>

{{from|1=A<span style{{=}}"font-size: 70%0.6rem;>RTICLE</span> (157.) I<span style{{=}}"font-size: 70%0.6rem;>N</span> the Differential Calculus, as in Analytical Geometry, there are two classes of quantities to be considered, viz., ''variables'' and ''constants''.<br><br>Variable quantities are generally represented by the last letters of the alphabet, ''x'', ''y'', ''z'', etc., and any values may be assigned to them which will satisfy the equations into which they enter.<br><br>Constant quantities are generally represented by the firstletters of the alphabet, ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', etc., and these always retain the same values throughout the same investigation.<br><br>Thus, in the equation of a straight line, <br><div style="text-align: center;"><math>y=ax+b</math>,</centerdiv>the quantities a and b have but one value for the same line, while ''x'' and ''y'' vary in value for every point of the line.<br><br>(158.) '''One variable is said to be a ''function'' of another variable, when the first is equal to a certain algebraic expression containing the second.''' Thus, in the equation of a straight line <br><div style="text-align: center;"><math>y=ax+b</math>,</centerdiv>''y'' is a function of ''x''. <br><br>So, also, in the equation of a circle, <br><div style="text-align: center;"><math>y=\sqrt{R^2-x^2}</math>;</centerdiv>and in the equation of the ellipse, <br><div style="text-align: center;"><math>y=\frac{B}{A}\sqrt{2Ax-x^2}</math>.</centerdiv>(159.) When we wish merely to denote that ''y'' is ''dependent'' upon ''x'' for its value, without giving the particular expression which shows the value of ''x'', we employ the notation<br><div style="text-align: center;"><math>y=F(x)</math>, or <math>y=f(x)</math>,</center><br><center><divspan style{{=}}"positiontext-align: absoluteleft; leftfloat: 0pxleft;">or</divspan><math>x=F(y)</math>, or <math>x=f(y)</math>,</centerdiv>which expressions are read, ''y'' is a function of ''x'', or ''x'' is a function of ''y''.|2=''Elements of Analytical Geometry and of The Differential and Integral Calculus'', Differential Calculus, Section I, Definitions and First Principles}}

{{from|'''函數與變數之變比例俱謂之微分'''，用彳號記之。如 <math>戌\xlongequal{\qquadquad}天^三</math>，則得比例 {{RareChar|𢓍|⿰彳天}} : [[File:Differential u.svg|16px]] <math>:: 一 : 三天^二</math>。{{RareChar|𢓍|⿰彳天}}[[File:Differential u.svg|16px]]，爲天與戌之微分。后皆仿此，用表天與戌之變比例。以一四兩率相乘，二三兩率相乘，則得[[File:Differential u.svg|16px]]<math>\xlongequal{\qquadquad}三天^二</math>{{RareChar|𢓍|⿰彳天}}。此顯函數戌之變比例，等于 三天^二 乘變數天之變比例。以{{RareChar|𢓍|⿰彳天}}約之，得{{sfrac|{{RareChar|𢓍|⿰彳天}}|[[File:Differential u.svg|16px]]}}<math>\xlongequal{\qquadquad}三天^二</math>。此顯變數之變比例，約函數之變比例，等于函數之微係數也。如戌爲天之函數，三天 爲戌之微係數，此舉立方以㮣其餘。|《代微積拾級·卷十 微分一·論函數微分·第二款》}}

<div style="text-align: center;">[[File:Elements of Analytical Geometry and of The Differential and Integral Calculus (Chinese, 1859, 2).pdf|page=19|300px]][[File:Elements of Analytical Geometry and of The Differential and Integral Calculus (Chinese, 1859, 2).pdf|page=18|300px]]</centerdiv>

{{from|1=(170.) '''The rate of variation of a function or of any variable quantity is called its ''differential''''', and is denoted by the letter ''d'' placed before it. Thus, if<br><div style="text-align: center;"><math>u=x^3</math>,</centerdiv>then<br><div style="text-align: center;"><math>dx:du::1:3x^2</math>.</centerdiv>The expressions ''dx'', ''du'' are read differential of ''x'', differential of ''u'', and denote the rates of variation of ''x'' and ''u''.<br><br>If we multiply together the extremes and the means of the preceding proportion, we have<br><div style="text-align: center;"><math>du=3x^2dx</math>,</centerdiv>which signifies that the rate of increase of the function ''u'' is 3''x''² times that of the variable ''x''.<br><br>If we divide each member of the last equation by ''dx'', we have<br><div style="text-align: center;"><math>\frac{du}{dx}=3x^2</math>,</centerdiv>which expresses the ratio of the rate of variation of the function to that of the independent variable, and is called the ''differential coefficient'' of ''u'' regarded as a function of ''x''.|2=''Elements of Analytical Geometry and of The Differential and Integral Calculus'', Differential Calculus, Section I, Differentiation of Algebraic Functions, Proposition II － Theorem}}

{{from|積分爲微分之還原，其法之要，在識別微分所由生之函數。如已得 天^二 之微分爲 二天{{RareChar|𢓍|⿰彳天}}，則有 二天{{RareChar|𢓍|⿰彳天}}，即知所由生之函數爲 天^二，而 天^二 即爲積分。<br><br>'''已得微分所由生之函數爲積分。'''而積分或有常數附之，或無常數附之，既不能定，故式中恒附以常數，命爲{{RareChar|𠰳|⿰口丙}}。{{RareChar|𠰳|⿰口丙}}或有同數，或爲〇，須攷題乃知。<br><br>來本之視微分，若函數諸小較之一，諸小較并之，即成函數。故微分之左係一禾字，指欲取諸微分之積分也。如下式 禾二天{{RareChar|𢓍|⿰彳天}}<math>\xlongequal{\qquadquad} 天^二 \bot</math>{{RareChar|𠰳|⿰口丙}}。來氏說今西國天算家大率不用，而惟用此禾字，取其一覽了然也。|《代微積拾級·卷十七 積分一·例總論》}}

{{from|1=A<span style{{=}}"font-size: 70%;>RTICLE</span> (291.) T<span style{{=}}"font-size: 70%;>HE</span> Integral Calculus is the reverse of the Differential Calculus, its object being to determine the expression or function from which a given differential has been derived.<br><br>Thus we have found that the differential of ''x''² is 2''xdx'', therefore, if we have given 2''xdx'', we know that it must have been derived from ''x'', or plus a constant term.<br><br>(292.) '''The function from which the given differential has been derived, is called its ''integral''.''' Hence, as we are not certain whether the integral has a constant quantity or not added to it, we annex a constant quantity represented by C, the value of which is to be determined from the nature of the problem. <br><br>(293.) Leibnitz considered the differentials of functions as indefinitely small differences, and the sum of these indefinitely small differences he regarded as making up the function; hence the letter S was placed before the differential to show that the sum was to be taken. As it was frequently required to place S before a compound expression, it was elongated into the sign ''∫'', which, being placed before a differential, denotes that its integral is to be taken. Thus,<br><div style="text-align: center;"><math>\int 2xdx = x^2+C</math>.</centerdiv>This sign ''∫'' is still retained ever by those whu reject the philosophy of Leibnitz. |2=''Elements of Analytical Geometry and of The Differential and Integral Calculus'', Integral Calculus, Section I, Integration of Monomial Differentials}}